Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer
Original article
Austral J. Vet. Sci.
Vol 53, 161-167 (2021)
DOI: 10.4067/S0719-81322021000300161

Effect of the inclusion of herbal phosphatidylcholine on palatability, digestibility and metabolisable energy of the diet in dogs

1 Doctorado de Ciencias Agropecuarias. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana – Xochimilco, México.
2 Consultor Nutricionista de Mascotas, Atizapán, Estado de México, México.
3 Centro Universitario Amecameca, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México.
4 Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México.
5 Nuproxa Switzerland, Etoy, Switzerland.
Keywords: Canis familiaris feed plant additive pet food taste preferences

Submitted: 2020-12-22

Accepted: 2021-04-20

Published: 2021-09-23

How to Cite

Mendoza Martínez, G. D., López, M. Á., Hernández García, P. A., Ríos Hilario, J. J., González, J., & Gloria Trujillo, A. (2021). Effect of the inclusion of herbal phosphatidylcholine on palatability, digestibility and metabolisable energy of the diet in dogs. Austral Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 53(3), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0719-81322021000300161

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Germán D. Mendoza Martínez, Miguel Á. López, Pedro A. Hernández García, Josué J. Ríos Hilario, Javier González, Adrian Gloria Trujillo

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the palatability, nutrient digestibility, metabolisable energy (ME) and faecal characteristics of diets in dogs fed increasing levels of herbal phosphatidylcholine (herbal mix) versus an unsupplemented diet (with only 377 mg choline provided by 1 kg food) or choline chloride (2000 mg choline/kg food) in 40 adult dogs. In experiment 1, a palatability test was conducted to make two pairwise comparisons: 0 versus 200; and 0 versus 400 mg/kg herbal mix. In experiment 2, a digestibility test was performed to evaluate herbal mix at 0, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg and 2000 mg choline provided by choline chloride. Results from experiment 1 indicated that the dogs preferred diets containing herbal mix to the unsupplemented diet (P<0.05). In experiment 2, nutrient digestibility and faecal characteristics were not influenced by the treatment (P<0.059). The inclusion of 400 mg/kg of herbal mix increased the ME (quadratic effect, P<0.01). In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the inclusion of a herbal mix rich in phosphatidylcholine (1.6%) and other methylated metabolites at 400 mg/kg can fully replace choline chloride in dog diets.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. AAFCO, Association of American Food Control Officials. 2015. Official Publication. Sacramento, California, USA.
  2. Alvarado CA, Hodgkinson SM, Alomar D, Boroschek D. 2008. Evaluation of the chemical composition of dry dog foods commercialized in Chile used for growing dogs. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 60, 218-226.
  3. AOAC, Association of Analytical Chemists International. 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemists International. 18th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Gathersburg, Maryland, USA.
  4. Araneda RC, Peterlin Z, Zhang X, Chesler A, Firestein S. 2004. A pharmacological profile of the aldehyde receptor repertoire in rat olfactory epithelium. J Physiol 555, 743-756.
  5. Barrios JM, Lichtenberger LM. 2000. Role of biliary phosphatidylcholine in bile acid protection and NSAID injury of the ileal mucosa in rats. Gastroenterology 118, 1179-1186.
  6. Brambillasca S, Purtscher F, Britos A, Repetto LJ, Cajarville C. 2010. Digestibility, fecal characteristics, and plasma glucose and urea in dogs fed a commercial dog food once or three times daily. Can Vet J 51, 190-194.
  7. Burri L, Heggen K, Berg SA. 2019. Phosphatidylcholine from krill increases plasma choline and its metabolites in dogs. Vet World 12, 671-676.
  8. Calderano AA, Nunes RV, Rodrigueiro RJB, César RA. 2015. Replacement of choline chloride by a vegetal source of choline in diets for broilers. Ciênc Anim Bras 16, 37-44.
  9. Chen JM, Song JY, He J, Gu XR, Zhang X. 2016. Studies on volatile components in the flowers of Cymbidium goeringii and Cymbidium faberi from Qinling mountains. Acta Hort Sin 43, 2461-2472.
  10. Chen X, Parsons MC, Bajjalieh N. 2013. Nutritional evaluation of new reduced oligosaccharide soybean meal in poultry. Poult Sci 92, 1830-1836.
  11. Cheng WL, Holmes-McNary MQ, Mar MH, Lien EL, Zeisel SH. 1996. Bioavailability of choline and choline esters from milk in rat pups. J Nutr Biochem 7, 457-464.
  12. Clapper MG, Grieshop MC, Merchen RN, Russett CJ, Brent LJ, et al. 2001. Ileal and total tract nutrient digestibilities and fecal characteristics of dogs as affected by soybean protein inclusion in dry, extruded diets. J Anim Sci 79, 1523-1532.
  13. Corsato AI, Gregory AC. 2018. The effect of sorghum fractions on apparent total tract digestibility and antioxidant capacity by dogs. Plos One 13, e0206090.
  14. Crosby M, Mendoza-Martínez GD, Relling A, Vázquez VA, Lee-Rangel HA, et al. 2017. Influence of supplemental choline on milk yield, fatty acid profile, and postpartum weight changes in suckling ewes. J Dairy Sci 100, 125.
  15. de Oliveira LD, Takakura FS, Kienzle E, Brunetto MA, Teshima E, et al. 2012. Fibre analysis and fibre digestibility in pet foods – a comparison of total dietary fibre, neutral and acid detergent fibre and crude fibre. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 96, 895-906.
  16. de Souza NJP, He F, Mangian FH, Massae OP, De Godoy CRM. 2019. Dietary supplementation of a fiber-prebiotic and saccharin-eugenol blend in extruded diets fed to dogs. J Anim Sci 97, 4519-4531.
  17. Demattê Filho LC, Pereira DC de O, Possamai E. 2015. Dietary supplementation of alternative methionine and choline sources in the organic broiler production in Brazil. Rev Bras Cienc Avic 17, 489-496.
  18. Díaz Galván C, Méndez Olvera ET, Martínez Gómez D, Gloria Trujillo A, Hernández García PA, et al. 2021. Influence of a polyherbal mixture in dairy calves: growth performance and gene expression. Front Vet Sci 7, 623710.
  19. Di Cerbo A, Morales-Medina JC, Palmieri B, Pezzuto F, Cocco R, et al. 2017. Functional foods in pet nutrition: Focus on dogs and cats. Res Vet Sci 112, 161-166.
  20. Dilger RN, Garrow TA, Baker DH. 2007. Betaine can partially spare choline in chicks but only when added to diets containing a minimal level of choline. J Nutr 137, 2224-2228.
  21. Donadelli AR, Aldrich GC. 2019. The effects on nutrient utilization and stool quality of Beagle dogs fed diets with beet pulp, cellulose, and Miscanthus grass. J Anim Sci 97, 4134-139.
  22. Duque-Saldarriaga J, Posada SL, Trujillo JHA. 2017. Assessment of energy content in dog foods. Arch Zootec 66, 279-286.
  23. Fagone P, Jackowski S. 2013. Phosphatidylcholine and the CDP-choline cycle. BBA-Mol Cell Biol L 1831, 523-532.
  24. Farina G, De Mello KA, Diniz EP, Ritter MF, Cesar R, et al. 2017. Performance of broilers fed different dietary choline sources and levels. Ciênc Anim Bras 18, 1-14.
  25. Felix AP, Carvalho MP, Alarça LG, Brito CBM, Oliveira SG, et al. 2012. Effects of the inclusion of carbohydrases and different soybean meals in the diet on palatability, digestibility and faecal characteristics in dogs. Anim Feed Sci Tech 174, 182-189.
  26. Felix AP, Rivera NLM, Sabchuk TT, Lima DC, Oliveira SG, et al. 2013. The effect of soy oligosaccharide extraction on diet digestibility, fecal characteristics, and intestinal gas production in dogs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 184, 86-93.
  27. Gabriel NN. 2019. Review on the progress in the role of herbal extracts in tilapia culture. Cogent Food Agric 5, 1619651.
  28. German AJ, Holden SL, Serisier S, Queau Y, Biourge V. 2015. Assessing the adequacy of essential nutrient intake in obese dogs undergoing energy restriction for weight loss: a cohort study. BMC Vet Res 11, 253.
  29. Godínez-Cruz J, Cifuentes-López O, Cayetano J, Lee-Rangel H, Mendoza G, et al. 2015. Effect of choline inclusion on lamb performance and meat characteristics. J Anim Sci 93, 766.
  30. Górecki T, Smaga Ł. 2019. fdANOVA: An R software package for analysis of variance for univariate and multivariate functional data. Computation Stat 34, 571-597.
  31. Goyal RB, Goyal KR, Mehta AA. 2007. Phyto-pharmacology of Achyranthes aspera: A Review. Pharmacogn Rev 1, 143-150.
  32. Griffin RW, Baidler LM. 1984. Studies in Canine Olfaction, Taste and Feeding: A Summing Up and Some Comments on the AcademicIndustrial Relationship. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 8, 261-263.
  33. Gutiérrez AR, Gutiérrez A, Sánchez C, Mendoza GD. 2019. Effect of including herbal choline in the diet of a dairy herd; a multiyear evaluation. Emir J Food Agric 31, 477-481.
  34. Harrison M, Thomas G, Gilham M, Gray K, Colyer A, et al. 2020. Short-term determination and long-term evaluation of the dietary methionine requirement in adult dogs. Brit J Nutr 123, 1333-1344.
  35. Hui-Chao LR, Goyanes VJJ, Couto SA, Klein DD, Valido ES, et al. 2016. Fatty acid methyl esters as a potential therapy against cerebral ischemia. OCL 23, 1-6.
  36. Jackson IM, Waldy C, Cochrane YC, Jewell ED. 2020. Consumption of identically formulated foods extruded under low and high shear force reveals that microbiome redox ratios accompany canine immunoglobulin A production. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 104, 1551-1567.
  37. Koppel K, Adhikari K, Di Donfranceso B. 2013. Volatile compoundsin dry dog foods and their influence on sensory aromatic profile. Molecules 18, 2646-2662.
  38. Lewis ED, Richard C, Goruk S, Dellschaft NS, Curtis JM, et al. 2016. The form of choline in the maternal diet affects immune development in suckled rat offspring. J Nutr 146, 823-830.
  39. Mallo GD, Paolella M. 2017. Fuente herbal de colina en nutrición canina. Memorias del VI Congreso Argentino de Nutrición Animal, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Pp 1-5.
  40. Martínez-Aispuro JA, Mendoza GD, Cordero-Mora JL, Ayala-Monter MA, Sánchez-Torres MT, et al. 2019. Evaluation of an herbal choline feed plant additive in lamb feedlot rations. R Bras Zootec 48, e20190020.
  41. Mendoza GD, Ortega ANI, Bárcena RG, Martínez JAG, Lee-Rangel HA. 2018. Evaluation of BioCholine and a mixture of OptiMethionine - OptiLysine in lactating Holstein cows. Final report for Indian Herbs. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, México.
  42. Mendoza GD, Oviedo MF, Pinos JM, Lee-Rangel HA, Vázquez A, et al. 2019. Milk production in dairy cows supplemented with herbal choline and methionine. Rev Fac Cienc Agrar 52, 332-343.
  43. Michiels J, Missotten J, Ovyn A, Dierick N, Fremaut D, et al. 2012. Effect of dose of thymol and supplemental flavours or camphor on palatability in a choice feeding study with piglets. Czech J Anim Sci 57, 65-74.
  44. Moghimi M, Roosta A. 2019. Physical properties of aqueous mixtures of (choline chloride + glucose) deep eutectic solvents. J Chem Thermodyn 129, 159-165.
  45. Morrison IE, Reinhardt H, Leclerc H, DeVries JT, LeBlanc JS. 2018. Effect of rumen-protected B vitamins and choline supplementation on health, production, and reproduction in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 101, 9016-9027.
  46. Mukherjee A, Sengupta S. 2013. Characterization of nimbidiol as a potent intestinal disaccharidase and glucoamylase inhibitor present in Azadirachta indica (neem) useful for the treatment of diabetes. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 28, 900-910.
  47. Murota K. 2020. Digestion and absorption of dietary glycerophospholipids in the small intestine: Their significance as carrier molecules of choline and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 26, 101633.
  48. Nilsson Å, Rui-Dong D. 2019. Pancreatic and mucosal enzymes in choline phospholipid digestion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 316, G425-G445.
  49. NRC, National Research Council. 2006. Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats. 3rd ed. National Academic Press, Washington, DC, USA.
  50. Ogbuewu IP, Odoemenam VU, Obikaonu HO, Opara MN, Emenalom OO, et al. 2011. The growing importance of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) in agriculture, industry, medicine and environment: A review. Res J Med Plant 5, 230-245.
  51. Pedrinelli V, Amorim ZRV, Ayres RRB, Pamplona PM, Consentino CRM, et al. 2019. Concentrations of macronutrients, minerals and heavy metals in home-prepared diets for adult dogs and cats. Sci Rep 9, 13058.
  52. Pissios P, Hong S, Kennedy RA, Prasad D, Liu FF, et al. 2013. Methionine and choline regulate the metabolic phenotype of a ketogenic diet. Mol Metab 2, 306-313.
  53. Ramzi S, Sahragard A, Sendi JJ, Aalami A. 2013. Effects of an extracted lectin from Citrullus colocynthis L. (Cucurbitaceae) on survival, digestion and energy reserves of Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Front Physiol 4, 328.
  54. Razo OPB, Mendoza MGD, Vázquez SG, Osorio TAI, González SJF, et al. 2020. Polyherbal feed additive for lambs: effects on performance, blood biochemistry and biometry. J Appl Anim Res 48, 419-424.
  55. Roque-Jiménez JA, Mendoza-Martínez GD, Vázquez-Valladolid A, Guerrero-González ML, Flores-Ramírez R, et al. 2020. Supplemental Herbal Choline Increases 5-hmC DNA. Animals 10, 1277.
  56. Sales J, Homolka P, Koukolova V. 2010. Effect of dietary rumen-protected choline on milk production of dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 93, 3746-3754.
  57. Sheard NF, Zeisel HS. 1986. An in vitro study of choline uptake by intestine from neonatal adult rats. Pediatr Res 20, 768-772.
  58. Sunvold GD, Fahey GC Jr, Merchen NR, Titgemeyer EC, Bourquin LD, et al. 1995. Dietary fiber for dogs: IV. In vitro fermentation of selected fiber sources by dog fecal inoculum and in vivo digestion and metabolism of fiber-supplemented diets. J Anim Sci 73, 1099-1109.
  59. Tietel Z, Masaphy S. 2018. Aroma-volatile profile of black morel (Morchella importuna) grown in Israel. J Sci Food Agric 98, 346-353.
  60. Tobie C, Perón F, Larose C. 2015. Assessing food preferences in dogs and cats: A review of the current methods. Animals 5, 126-137.
  61. Tocher DR, Bendiksen EÅ, Campbell PJ, Bell JG. 2008. The role of phospholipids in nutrition and metabolism of teleost fish. Aquaculture 280, 21-34.
  62. Van Soest PV, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci 74, 3583-3597.
  63. Vance ED, Vance EJ. 2008. Phospholipid biosynthesis in eukaryotes. In: Vance ED, Vance EJ. (eds). Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes. 5th ed. Elsevier, Oxford, UK, Pp 213-244.
  64. Vitali AL, Beghelli D, Biapa NPC, Bistoni O, Cappellacci L, et al. 2016. Diverse biological effects of the essential oil from Iranian Trachyspermum ammi. Arab J Chem 9, 775-786.
  65. White D, Kim W, Shivi M. 2019. Role of Biocholine on growth performance, hepatic gene expression, and adiponectin in broilers. International Poultry Scientific Forum, Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Pp 21.
  66. Wynn SG, Fougère BJ. 2007. Veterinary Herbal Medicine: A SystemsBased Approach. In: Wynn SG, Fougère BJ (eds). Veterinary Herbal Medicine. 1st ed. Elsevier, St. Louis, USA. Pp 29-409.
  67. Zeisel SH, da Costa KA. 2009. Choline: an essential nutrient for public health. Nutr Rev 67, 615-623.
  68. Zeisel HS, da Costa AK, Youssef M, Hensey S. 1989. Conversion of dietary choline to trimethylamine and dimethylamine in rats: doseresponse relationship. J Nutr 119, 800-804.

Make a Submission

Make a Submission

Journal Metrics (2023) & Ranking

Impact Factor
→
0.5 (2024)
5 years Impact Factor
→
0.8
JCR Quartile
→
Q4
JIF Rank
→
134/170 (Veterinary Sciences)
SJR (2024)
→
0.244
SNIP (2024)
→
0.35

 

 

SCImago Journal & Country Rank

Indexed in

Publisher


This journal is published by the Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile

Keywords